Avalanche incident - avalanche mitigation, WMR

Location Name: 
Avalanche Incident: Whitefish Mountain Resort (Ski Patroller)
Observation date: 
Sunday, December 20, 2020 - 21:45

Is this an Avalanche Observation: 
Yes
Observation made by: Forecaster

Tabs

Quick Observation

In and around Whitefish Mountain Resort today, we found obvious signs of avalanche danger. And evidence that might lead you to think there was no problem.

  • About 6" of dense new snow overnight, with gusty winds. This combo left a cohesive but not always reactive slab near ridgelines and other areas exposed to the wind. We saw some blowing snow (light) and winds picked up again in the afternoon.
  • Avalanche mitigation on a leeward slope (NNE, 6600', 40+ degrees) produced several small to large slabs. Most were triggered by ski cuts, including the largest. Explosives did not produce slides on the same slope.
  • The largest slide knocked a patroller off his feet when the slab released above him (and below holes from several explosive charges). The patroller was not buried or injured. 
  • The slide failed on a layer of mixed grains (some heavily rimed) that included very large preserved surface hoar. A large column test in the crown of this slide failed on isolation, while 2 small column tests and a second large column test adjacent to it did not fail. 
  • In limited travel in the backcountry outside the WMR boundary, a slab on an easterly slope collapsed whith a whumpf but did not release. The failure layer appeared to be the faceted snow buried Dec. 9. There was no distinct crust at this site. This crack was longer and deeper than anything I saw in the same area Thursday, indicating that the potential size of triggered slides is growing. 
  • Other slopes nearby did not fail, and in a profile on a similar slope nearby, large column tests did not produce consistent propagation The most obvious failure layer in this profile was a layer of heavily rimed grains and/ or small graupel about 15 inches below the snow surface. We found no surface hoar in this layer, though it might have been deposited in the same event as the failure layer in the incident above.

The triggered slides and collapsed slab have far more weight in my calculations than the test results. 

 

Snowpack, Avalanche, Weather Images: 
Travel Details
Region: 
Whitefish Range - Southern (south of Coal Creek)
Activity: 
Skiing
Snowpack Details
Snowpack and Weather Details: 
Hide Terrain
Elevation of observation: 
5000-6500 ft
Above 6500 ft
Aspect(s) of observation: 
NE
E
Red Flags: 
Avalanches from the past 2 days
Shooting cracks
Collapsing / whumpfing noises
Persistent Weak Layers: 
Surface Hoar
Facets or Faceted Crust
New Snow in the past 24 hours: 
6.00in.
Total Snow Depth: 
60
More comments about the snowpack and weather: 
Clouds at summit level gave way to overcast skies then a short period of broken skies. Winds gusty. Way colder than expected - felt only a little warmer than other recent days. The snowpack feels soft and weak - deep foot penetration, obvious stripes that look like buried surface hoar, and soft coarse grains at the Dec. 9 interface. But looking through a loupe, it's hard to make out obvious faceted grains in most of these layers. The preserved surface hoar isn't a large part of the weak layer in the triggered slide - just a few, very large grains mixed with heavily rimed pp. And test results are inconsistent in the same profile and from profile to profile. Ie, propagation/ no propagation; WL in this pit not player in the next.
Blowing Snow: 
Light
Wind Speed: 
Moderate (Small trees sway)
Wind Direction: 
Southwest
Air temperature: 
Below Freezing
Snow line: 
4000
Sky Cover: 
Overcast (OVC)
Highest Precipitation Rate: 
Very Light Snowfall (S-1)
Avalanche Details
Avalanche Details: 
Date and Time of Avalanche: 
Sunday, December 20, 2020 - 09:30
Number of avalanches: 
3
Avalanche Type: 
Soft Slab
Failure Plane/Weak Layer: 
Old snow
More information or comments about the avalanche: 

On a ski cut near the bottom of a slope and above a road cut, a patroller triggered a slide that broke above him and "knocked him on [his] butt." The patroller was briefly carried in the debris but not buried or injured. The general area had been mitigated with explosives the day prior, and that morning the patrollers had thrown several shots on their way down from the ridge above, and done multiple ski cuts. This cut was on the steepest part of the slope. The slope was logged the previous summer, leaving it more susceptible to top loading from the southwesterly winds. The failure plane for the slide was a layer of heavily-rimed grains that included a few very large (30-50mm), well-preserved surface hoar grains that likely formed on 12/12 and was perhaps buried 12/14. The debris mostly piled up on the cat road below, with the deepest part of the debris estimated to be about 7 feet deep. Some debris ran off the far side of the cat track. A second patroller on the team also reported triggering a slide that broke above him; the debris made it difficult to control his skis but he escaped without being carried. 

Hide Trigger
Trigger: 
skier
Trigger Modifier: 
Intentionally Triggered
Hide Terrain
Start Zone Slope Angle: 
42
Aspect: 
Northeast
Starting Elevation: 
6600
Hide Size
Destructive Size: 
D2 Could bury, injure, or kill a person.
Relative Size: 
R2 Small
Crown Height: 
2 ft
Avalanche Length (Vertical Run): 
60ft.
Avalanche Width (Average width): 
55ft.
Hide People Involved
Number of people caught: 
1
Number of partial burials: 
0
Number of full burials: 
0
Avalanche Location: 
Date and Time of Avalanche: 
Sunday, December 20, 2020 - 09:15
Number of avalanches: 
3
Avalanche Type: 
Soft Slab
Failure Plane/Weak Layer: 
New/old snow interface
More information or comments about the avalanche: 

New and drifted snow triggered during mitigation. Did not step down to buried surface hoar.

Hide Trigger
Trigger: 
skier
Trigger Modifier: 
Intentionally Triggered
Hide Terrain
Aspect: 
Northeast
Starting Elevation: 
above-treeline
Hide Size
Destructive Size: 
D1 Relatively harmless to people.
Relative Size: 
R1 Very Small
Crown Height: 
Less than 1 ft
Avalanche Location: 
Date and Time of Avalanche: 
Sunday, December 20, 2020 - 09:15
Number of avalanches: 
2
Avalanche Type: 
Soft Slab
Failure Plane/Weak Layer: 
Old snow
More information or comments about the avalanche: 

Triggered during mitigation. Similar depth as slide which caught patroller, but not nearly as wide.

Hide Trigger
Trigger: 
skier
Trigger Modifier: 
Intentionally Triggered
Hide Terrain
Aspect: 
Northeast
Starting Elevation: 
above-treeline
Hide Size
Destructive Size: 
D1.5
Relative Size: 
R2 Small
Crown Height: 
2 ft
Avalanche Width (Average width): 
30ft.
Avalanche Location: